April 2025 Current Affairs Notes UPSC, SSC, Railways, and other competitive exams
1. Separation of Powers Meaning : Division of government powers into Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary. Origin : Aristotle’s classification – deliberative, magisterial, and judicial functions. Modern Theory : Propounded by Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws (1748) . 2. Assent to State Bills Article 200 : Governor may – Grant Assent, Withhold, Return (except Money Bills), or Reserve for President. Article 201 : President can – Grant, Withhold, or Return (no obligation to assent even after reconsideration). 3. States’ Demand for Autonomy Key Initiatives : Inter-State Council (Art. 263). Tax devolution increased (32% → 42%). GST Council . Reduced centrally sponsored schemes (130 → 75 → aim 50). 73rd & 74th Amendments – Panchayats & Municipalities. 4. SVAMITVA Scheme (5 Years) Launched by : Ministry of Panchayati Raj . Components : Drone Mapping, CORS network, Gram Manchitra, IEC awareness. 5. Deputy Speaker of Lok ...