September 2025 Current Affairs Notes– UPSC, SSC, RRB & Other competitive exams

Stay updated with the most important September 2025 Current Affairs — covering national, international, economic, science, and sports updates. These concise points are perfect for UPSC, SSC, banking exams, and general knowledge preparation. All facts are verified and presented in a crisp, easy-to-remember format for your quick revision.

1. A report by Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) revealed that around 47% of Union and State Cabinet ministers have criminal cases against them, including several serious offences.

   • Key detail: Covers both Union and State Cabinets; includes cases of varying gravity (including serious/heinous).

   • Implication: Raises questions on candidate selection, electoral reforms and voter awareness.

   • Follow-up: Calls for transparency in affidavits and stricter party-level vetting.

2. Case pendency in India reached an all-time high: ~88,000 cases in the Supreme Court, over 4 crore cases in District Courts, and 62 lakh cases in High Courts (NJDG).

   • Impact: Long delays in justice delivery; economic and social costs.

   • Pressure points: Major backlog in lower judiciary translates into High Court/Supreme Court crowding.

   • Needed reforms: Case triage, faster disposal, tech-enabled case management.

3. Main reasons for judicial pendency: shortage of judges, ADR underuse, procedural inefficiencies, weak infrastructure.

   • Judge strength: India ≈ 21 judges per million population (vs. recommended ~50).

   • Systemic issues: Frequent adjournments, frivolous litigation, vague laws, weak compliance.

   • Infrastructure & finance: Limited courtrooms, low tech adoption; judicial spending ≈ 0.20% of GDP vs. higher benchmarks.

4. The National Medical Commission (NMC) completed five years since formation under the NMC Act, 2019.

   • Role: Replaced MCI; regulates medical education, professional standards and licensing.

   • Structure: Autonomous boards for UG/PG education, ethics & registration.

   • Significance: Ongoing reforms in curriculum, licensing and medical education governance.

5. France witnessed mass protests after President Macron appointed Sébastien Lecornu as Prime Minister (fourth PM in a year), with 200+ arrests reported.

   • Cause: Political instability and public dissent over frequent executive changes.

   • Effect: Nationwide demonstrations and heightened parliamentary scrutiny.

   • Significance: Affects EU politics and diplomatic attention to domestic French reform.

6. The 19th National Conference on e-Governance adopted a “Whole-of-Government” approach to strengthen citizen services via digital, agile and data-driven systems.

   • Focus: Digital citizen services, interoperability, data governance.

   • Outcome: Roadmap for scalable digital public services and cross-department coordination.

   • Implication: Faster service delivery, improved auditability and analytics.

7. The 20th SCO Summit (Tianjin, China) adopted the Tianjin Declaration and advanced SCO cooperation.

   • Decisions: Strategic development roadmap; regional cooperation themes.

   • Membership: Expansion of partner/observer relationships (partnership deepening).

   • Relevance: Regional security, trade and connectivity agenda.

8. The Indian Prime Minister and Chinese President held bilateral talks on the sidelines of the Tianjin Summit.

   • Agenda: Border stability, trade ties, and diplomatic engagement.

   • Tone: Focus on de-escalation and pragmatic cooperation.

   • Outcome: Continued diplomatic channels and confidence-building emphasis.

9. A UN-mandated Independent International Commission of Inquiry submitted a legal analysis on Israel’s conduct in Gaza under the Genocide Convention.

   • Content: Legal assessment vis-à-vis prevention and punishment obligations.

   • Implication: Possible diplomatic and accountability ramifications at international fora.

   • Follow-up: Domestic and global reactions likely to shape debates at UN bodies.

10. Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger formally withdrew from the ICC, citing perceived bias and lack of sufficient African representation.

    • Reason cited: Sovereignty concerns and critique of ICC’s processes.

    • Impact: Challenges ICC universality and may affect accountability mechanisms.

    • Regional effect: Could encourage other states to reassess engagement with ICC.

11. The GST Council’s 6th meeting on GST 2.0 reforms approved steps toward a simplified two-slab tax structure and compliance relief.

    • Aim: Simplify rates, reduce litigation, and ease input credit flow for businesses.

    • Focus: MSME compliance, rate rationalisation and IT readiness.

    • Next steps: Parliamentary/legislative and IT rollout for new structure.

12. GST 2.0 design principles emphasise destination-based taxation and efficient revenue allocation.

    • Mechanism: Dual levy (CGST + SGST) with destination-based distribution.

    • Implication: Revenue accrues to consuming states; requires updated IT and reconciliation rules.

    • Benefit: Potential for streamlined compliance and reduced cascading taxes.

13. India is developing an indigenous AI-based semiconductor chip for electronics, defence and space applications.

    • Objective: Reduce import dependence; boost national security and strategic autonomy.

    • Stakeholders: Industry, research labs, defence R&D.

    • Outcome sought: Indigenous IP, fabrication readiness and ecosystem growth.

14. Semiconductor Mission incentives: support for fabs and display units with up to 50% financial assistance for capital costs.

    • Covers: Advanced node fabs, display fabs (AMOLED/LCD), ATMP and compound semiconductors.

    • Goal: Build domestic manufacturing, attract global investment.

    • Result: Accelerates supply-chain localisation.

15. Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme: promotes semiconductor design startups and IP creation.

    • Support: Grants for design, prototyping and market entry.

    • Benefit: Encourages startups, EDA tool presence and talent retention.

    • Long term: Strengthen India’s chip-design ecosystem.

16. Semicon India 2025 showcased the domestic semiconductor design & manufacturing ecosystem.

    • Highlights: AI-chip prototypes, global tie-ups, policy showcases.

    • Focus: Talent pipeline, supply chain linkages and investment pitches.

    • Outcome: Boosted investor confidence and industry partnerships.

17. Training initiatives (AICTE & Future Skills) aim to create ~20,000 semiconductor engineers.

    • Measures: Curriculum updates, labs, industry internships.

    • Goal: Skilled workforce for fabs, design houses and testing labs.

    • Impact: Addresses critical human-resource gap in chip industry.

18. PM laid foundation stones for PM MITRA Parks (textile manufacturing clusters) to boost apparel & textile output.

    • Aim: Integrated infrastructure, plug-and-play facilities, large-scale employment.

    • Components: Common effluent, testing, logistics, design hubs.

    • Benefit: Global competitiveness and export push.

19. PM MITRA Park locations span multiple states (Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh).

    • Local impact: Anchor investments, local employment and MSME linkages.

    • Expected outcome: Scale up domestic textile value chain and exports.

    • Policy link: Ease of doing business for apparel manufacturing.

20. The National Logistics Policy (NLP) completed two years; focus on efficiency and data-driven operations.

    • Objectives: Reduce logistics costs, improve multimodal connectivity.

    • Tools: National Logistics Portal, standardisation, & performance metrics.

    • Benefit: Better supply-chain competitiveness for industry.

21. The Supreme Court highlighted contradictions between Section 13(8) of SARFAESI Act (2002) and Rules 8 & 9, clarifying borrower rights.

    • Judicial finding: Need for harmonised reading; procedural compliance (notice publication) is critical.

    • Practical effect: Borrowers may have a window to redeem/repay if auction notice not properly published.

    • Larger point: Strengthens procedural safeguards in asset-recovery processes.

22. Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) completed 5 years (launched 2020).

    • Aim: Increase fisheries production, modernise value chain & post-harvest management.

    • Components: Infrastructure, cold chain, hatcheries, training & credit support.

    • Outcome: Livelihood support and export potential.

23. CAG — State Finances 2022-23 report: states’ aggregate debt ≈ 22.9% of GSDP; fiscal stress noted.

    • Highlights: Rising debt-to-GSDP ratios; some states (e.g., Punjab) show higher stress.

    • Concern: FRBM targets missed and fiscal consolidation needed.

    • Policy need: Revenue mobilisation and expenditure rationalisation by states.

24. Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Amendment Rules, 2025 made procedural changes related to compensatory afforestation.

    • Effect: Modifies clearances and compensatory mechanisms for strategic mineral projects.

    • Stakeholder impact: Mining firms, forest departments and local communities.

    • Watchpoint: Environmental safeguards vs developmental needs.

25. MoEFCC revised the Green Credit calculation methodology under the Green Credit Rules, 2022.

    • Eligibility: Restoration of degraded forest land and achieving minimum canopy density (post-restoration).

    • Credit rules: New calculation method linked to survival and growth of planted stock (five-year benchmark).

    • Governance: Credits governed by the rules — monitoring & compliance crucial.

26. National Policy on Geothermal Energy, 2025 released to promote sustainable geothermal development.

    • Scope: High-enthalpy (power) and low-enthalpy (direct heating) resources.

    • Measures: Resource mapping, incentives, regulatory clarity and pilot projects.

    • Benefit: Diversifies renewable energy mix.

27. India’s first National Bio-foundry launched (Aug 2025) to accelerate synthetic biology and biomanufacturing.

    • Purpose: Rapid prototyping, scale up bio-processes and support startups.

    • Applications: Pharmaceuticals, industrial enzymes, agri-biotech.

    • Impact: Strengthen bio-manufacturing & research ecosystem.

28. CPCB published Polluted River Stretches for Restoration of Water Quality – 2025.

    • Action: Identified critical polluted stretches for priority restoration.

    • Tools: Water quality monitoring, wastewater management plans (WWMPs).

    • Responsibility: State pollution control boards to implement remediation.

29. Ministry of Tribal Affairs sought a factual report from Andaman & Nicobar administration on forest rights settlement for Great Nicobar Island project.

    • Concern: Whether forest rights were settled prior to land diversion.

    • Implications: Legal scrutiny and tribal/community rights safeguards.

    • Next step: Fact-finding and compliance checks.

30. IISER Bhopal researchers developed a tool to assess sedimentation vulnerability of reservoirs.

    • Utility: Prioritises desilting, catchment interventions and reservoir management.

    • Outcome: Helps prolong reservoir life and secure hydroelectric/irrigation benefits.

    • Policy use: Informs water resources planning and investment.

31. New hydroelectric projects announced: Sawalkote (Jammu & Kashmir) and Siyom (Arunachal Pradesh) near strategic border zones.

    • Significance: Adds renewable capacity and strategic infrastructure.

    • Concerns: Environmental clearances, resettlement and transboundary considerations.

    • Local benefit: Power generation, local employment and connectivity.

32. Subansiri River Project progressed to next construction phase; Subansiri is a major Brahmaputra tributary.

    • Geography: Originates in Tibet; transboundary water considerations.

    • Strategic aspect: Energy security and regional development in NE India.

    • Note: River historically noted for alluvial minerals (cultural/historical reference).

33. Gen Z protests in Nepal prompted political upheaval and the resignation of PM KP Sharma Oli over social-media restrictions.

    • Drivers: Youth mobilisation, digital activism and civil liberties concerns.

    • Significance: Demonstrates power of online mobilisation in South Asia.

    • Outcome: Political realignments and policy debates on internet governance.

34. Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (PWDVA), 2005 completed 20 years.

    • Purpose: Protection & relief for women under Articles 14, 15 & 21.

    • Progress: Two decades of jurisprudence and protective mechanisms (shelters, legal remedies).

    • Gaps: Implementation, awareness and speedy relief measures still required.

35. Sample Registration System (SRS) reports Total Fertility Rate (TFR) ≈ 2.0 (below replacement 2.1).

    • Implication: Approaching population stabilization; long-term ageing concerns.

    • Policy angle: Need for pension, healthcare and demographic planning.

    • Regional variance: State-level TFRs vary considerably.

36. Rising childhood & adolescent obesity: prevalence among ages 5–19 rose from ~9.4% to ~12% (NFHS trend).

    • Concerns: Increased NCD risk (diabetes, heart disease) and public health burden.

    • Response: Nutrition programmes, school health interventions and lifestyle awareness.

    • Dual challenge: Coexistence of undernutrition in some cohorts.

37. Russia progressed in oncology biotech with an oncolytic candidate (“Enteromix”) and personalised mRNA cancer vaccines advancing to trials.

    • Significance: Global push for personalised cancer immunotherapies.

    • Status: Early clinical development — potential for international collaboration.

    • Watch: Regulatory approvals and trial outcomes.

38. Astronomers identified a new transient class: Extreme Nucleon Transients (ENTs) — produced when stars are torn apart by supermassive black holes.

    • Phenomenon: Extreme tidal forces stretch and heat stellar debris producing high-energy transients.

    • Scientific value: New insights into black hole physics and transient astronomy.

    • Observational push: Need for follow-up across EM spectrum.

39. India inaugurated its largest lithium-ion battery plant in Haryana with capacity to produce 20 crore battery packs per year (≈40% of national need).

    • Strategic importance: Secures EV supply chains and reduces import dependence.

    • Economic impact: Large manufacturing cluster, employment and downstream industries.

    • Policy link: Tied to Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) and battery ecosystem push.

40. FIDE World Cup 2025 announced to be held in Goa, India.

    • Event: Major global chess tournament; top finishers advance to Candidates cycle.

    • Impact: Boost for chess infrastructure, tourism and local organisers.

    • India tie-up: Leverages India’s rising chess talent and fanbase.

41. India won two golds at the World Boxing Championships 2025: Jaismine Lamboria (57 kg) and Minakshi Hooda (48 kg).

    • Achievement: Highlights India’s growing strength in women’s boxing.

    • Other medals: India also secured silver and bronze (overall improved tally).

    • Implication: Momentum for Olympic & Asian cycle preparations.

42. Nupur won silver (+80 kg) and Pooja Rani won bronze (80 kg); Kazakhstan topped the medal table.

    • Takeaway: Strong individual performances; national boxing programme pay-offs.

    • Future: Focus on coaching, international exposure and selection pipelines.

43. Ashton Eaton (two-time Olympic decathlete) named brand ambassador for the Vedanta Delhi Half Marathon 2025.

• Role: Promote event, athletics participation and international visibility.

• Impact: Raises the profile of the marathon and grassroots athletics.

• Outcome: Expected boost in participation and sponsorship appeal.

That’s all for the September 2025 Current Affairs Notes — a complete and reliable monthly summary for your preparation.

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